Topics
late
AI
Amazon
Image Credits:Bryce Durbin / TechCrunch
Apps
Biotech & Health
clime
Image Credits:Bryce Durbin / TechCrunch
Cloud Computing
Commerce
Crypto
A map tracking automaker and battery maker investment into battery cell and module production for electric vehicles.Hover over the green dots for a pop-up with more information about each factory.
endeavour
EVs
Fintech
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Fundraising
widget
Gaming
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Government & Policy
computer hardware
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
layoff
Media & Entertainment
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Meta
Microsoft
privateness
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Robotics
Security
Social
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Space
Startups
TikTok
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
shipping
speculation
More from TechCrunch
Events
Startup Battlefield
StrictlyVC
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Podcasts
Videos
Partner Content
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
TechCrunch Brand Studio
Crunchboard
get hold of Us
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Here’s where the US stands on EV battery production, two years after the Inflation Reduction Act was signed
The onshoring of barrage fire manufacture for EVsstarted as a trickleduring the COVID-19 pandemic . Then it turned into a tsunami .
In 2019 , just two stamp battery factories were operating in the United States with another two under construction . Today there are about 34 electric battery factories either planned , under grammatical construction , or operational in the rural area .
Former U.S. President Joe Biden’sInflation Reduction Act(IRA ) , signalize into law August 16 , 2022 , might not have been the initial catalyst behind the onshoring stamp battery factory trend . But it did assist launch the tap and accelerate the pace of manufactory projects — not to mentionsparking a clime tech arm race with the EU .
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Two and a one-half years later , we ’re still tracking the radioactive dust , even though the IRA ’s fate is now incertain .
In January 2025 , President Donald Trumpordered a frost on IRA fundingdisbursements , butmany of those fundshave already made it into manufacturers ’ manpower . That society also has n’t halt the already - moving train of billion of individual sector dollars empower in clear energy .
Because whether Trump want to back clean energy or not , the fact continue that the U.S. needs to have more control over its battery supply chain , rather than ceding control to China . That ’s particularly true in light of Trump ’s 10 % duty on Chinese import . Automakers saw what happened during the chip shortage crisis that hampered manufacturing during the COVID-19 pandemic , and they are loathe to repeat the same mistakes .
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
What has followed is a wafture of auto maker and shelling makers — extraneous and domestic — pledging to raise North American – made assault and battery before 2030 . ( See each automaker ’s planshereand barrage Godhead ’s planshere . )
Join us at TechCrunch Sessions: AI
Exhibit at TechCrunch Sessions: AI
IRA carrots and sticks
Why so much investment into onshoring EV battery production ? One reasonableness was because the IRA is rife with incentives for automakers and consumers to produce domestically — a concerted effort to end the U.S. ’s reliance on China for batteries , while at the same time fit Biden ’s destination to make 50 % of all new vehicle sales in the U.S. electric automobile or crossbreed by 2030 . And though Trump has taken a stair back from the IRA , electric vehicles can still characterize for the full $ 7,500 EV tax credit if they meet certain assault and battery source and product guidelines .
The IRA requiresthat 60 % of the economic value of stamp battery components be produce or assembled in North America in 2024 to stipulate for one-half of the tax credit , $ 3,750 . That percentage will increase to 100 % starting in 2029 . To get the remain half , 50 % of the note value of vital materials must be sourced from the U.S. or a free trade agreement country in 2024 . That part increases to 60 % , 70 % and 80 % for vehicles bring out in 2025 , 2026 and 2027 and beyond , respectively .
The IRA ’s advanced fabrication credits that give the producer a payout from the Treasury are probable at risk of being eliminated , but it ’s deserving explaining how they go for the past twain of years . Under Section 45X , the output of battery cells specify for a course credit of $ 35 per kilowatt - hour of capacity , and the production of bombardment modules condition for $ 10 per kilowatt - hour . ( electric battery cells are containers that chemically stash away vitality , and they are arranged into module . Battery battalion can be made up of cells or modules . )
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Companies can also be reimbursed 10 % of the costs find due to the product of electrode active cloth , like the cathode and anode . The cathode stores Li when a battery is discharged , and the anode stores atomic number 3 when a battery is charging . They are both components of a cell and can contain fabric like plumbago , silicon , zinc , aluminium , magnesium , nickel note and cobalt .
auto manufacturer and battery manufacturers have together with empower and prognosticate to invest around $ 112 billionin build up domestic cellular telephone and module manufacture . Together , these company promise to deliver an annual mental ability of close to 1,200 gigawatt - hours before 2030 , if each mill reaches maximum capacitance . That ’s roughly enough batteries for 18 million eV , based on previous Tesla predictions that say about 100 GWh capacity can power around 1.5 million EVs .
Outside of the barrage fire sector , the IRA has helped fuel a total $ 245 billion in private investment into uninfected energy and technology fabrication , according to Atlas Public Policy’sClean Economy Tracker .
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
The investment funds into give rise batteries in the U.S. and Canada deepen regularly , so we ’ve go tracking these promises .
Automakers investing in domestic battery production
TechCrunch created a ready to hand single-valued function demonstrate the location of each stamp battery mill plus some basic data , including design capacity . For those look for more detail and setting , scroll down to read about each manufacturer ’s planned or in operation shelling factories . Or press a location on the mathematical function for a tonic - up to appear .
Note : The factories included below are grow or will bring on battery cells and module . We did not let in affair like battery materials yield . Therefore , it is not an thoroughgoing list of all the production going into create EV battery in North America .
Where are the EV batteries being bring on in North America ?
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
This article was earlier release August 16 , 2023 , and was last updated February 6 , 2025 .
BMW
In October 2022,BMW denote a $ 1.7 billioninvestment in the U.S. that would see its Spartanburg , South Carolina , plant readied for the output of EVs . Of the total backing , $ 700 million was allocated to the buildout of a assault and battery assemblage facility in nearby Woodruff . The automaker told TechCrunch that the scratch of yield is scheduled for the end of 2026 , but it has n’t confirmed which EVs will be bring forth there . BMW ’s Spartanburg factory is currently where its sport utility and crossover voter are built , include the X3 , X4 , X5 , X6 , X7 and XM .
BMW also partner up with battery God Almighty AESC ( formerly Envision AESC ) to commit additional funds in a battery cell plant in Florence , South Carolina ( more on that in the AESC section ) . The AESC plant will farm BMW ’s novel 6th - generation rotund lithium - ion barrage cells for Plant Spartanburg EVs . Groundbreaking on both the Woodruff and Florence installation occurred in June 2024 .
Daimler, Paccar, Accelera, EVE Energy
In September 2023 , Daimler Truck and Paccar announced a joint speculation with energy applied science company Accelera and Formosan electric battery maker EVE Energy to work up a battery cadre production plant that would support the borrowing of EVs for medium- and heavy - duty commercial-grade transportation . The party say in January 2024 that they selected a land site in Mississippi .
Accelera , Daimler and Paccar will each own 30 % of the combined company , calledAmplify Cell Technologies , and jointly insure the clientele , which will focus on lithium - iron - phosphate ( LFP ) assault and battery technical school . EVE will do as a applied science provider , lead its battery cadre figure and manufacture expertise in telephone exchange for 10 % of possession .
Ford
In September 2021,Ford make a joint venture(JV ) with South Korean battery manufacturing business SK On . The destination of the JV , visit BlueOval SK , is to build three battery plant in the United States . Two are located in Kentucky ; the third mill in Tennessee will be co - located with a Ford meeting place flora , which will produce the automaker ’s 2nd - generation electric truck , code name Project T3 .
Ford and SK On secured a $ 9.2 billion loan from the U.S. Department of Energy to serve finance the construction of the three battery factories in Kentucky and Tennessee . While one of the Kentucky plants is scheduled to begin product in 2025 , the second plant life ’s production has been paused as Ford keeps an eye on consumer demand for EVs .
Ford is alsobuilding a lithium - iron - inorganic phosphate plantin Michigan . Formosan battery maker CATL is licensing its applied science to Ford as a service supplier on a contractual basis . That might change in the time to come , though , as Ford has now attracted the anger of House Republicans who areprobing the auto maker ’s relationshipwith the Chinese assault and battery company . In November 2023,Ford made the conclusion to scale back investing in its Michigan industrial plant from $ 3.5 billion down to $ 2 billion amid slow - than - expect demand for EVs , which means a 43 % drop in output capacity and reduced require employ .
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
General Motors
General Motors aspire to have three total battery plants in the U.S. through its joint speculation with LG Energy Solutions , which was named Ultium Cells until October 2024 . That joint speculation ensure in December 2022 a $ 2.5 billion loanword from the regime to help fund its electric battery factory projects .
Not only has GM dropped the brand name Ultium , but it also contrive to espouse lithium iron phosphate ( LFP ) battery technology to reduce the cost of its EVs by “ up to $ 6,000 , ” GM ’s VP of batteries Kurt Kelty read at the car manufacturer ’s investor twenty-four hour period . The Ultium program uses the more common atomic number 28 manganese cobalt formula .
GM also allege during its October 2024 investor day that it would build anew electric battery cell ontogeny centerin Warren , Michigan , with start of yield targeted for other 2027 .
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
LG is n’t the only battery maker GM is put to work with . The automaker in April 2023 announce ajoint venture with Samsung SDIto build anew battery plant life in the United States .
apart from mass product , GM has alsopartnered with inauguration SolidEnergy Systemsin 2021 to build up a prototyping facility in Woburn , Massachusetts . The goal is to build a high - mental ability , pre - production Li - ion battery .
GM is go on take control of the shelling materials supply chain as well . In March 2022 , the company partnered withSouth Korea ’s Posco Chemicalto build up a $ 400 million battery stuff facility in Canada . The plant will produce cathode fighting materials . GM announce in February 2024 a deal with LG Chem that would see the car manufacturer investing $ 19 billion over the next decade to source vital materials from LG Chem ’s Tennessee plant .
Image Credits:TechCrunch | Rebecca Bellan
Honda
In August 2022 , Honda announce itsjoint venturewith South Korea ’s LG Energy Solutions to append the North American market with “ pouch case ” battery cell . The quickness in Ohio will produce both cellphone and modules .
The automaker has also made strides to secure battery resource recycling channels and has agreements with businesses , include Ascend Elements , Cirba Solutions and Posco Holdings .
Honda ’s engine works in Anna , Ohio , is also in the process of being retool to add production of case for battery modules that will power Honda and Acura EVs made in Ohio .
Hyundai
In April 2023,Hyundai and SK On approved plansto set up a joint speculation to build a $ 5 billion battery plant in Bartow County , Georgia . Within a few calendar month , Hyundai and LG Energy Solution formedanother JVto establish a electric battery cubicle mill near Savannah , Georgia , that will support the production of 300,000 units of EVs every year once the plant reach aggregated production . The automaker said Hyundai Mobis , Hyundai ’s parts and serving arm , will assemble battery face pack using cells from the industrial plant .
Hyundai Mobis in 2022 also announced architectural plan to build anEV bombardment module plantin Alabama that will be able to supply more than 200,000 EV batteries yearly to its parent troupe once the plant life reaches full capacity .
Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes - Benz opened a barrage plant at its subsist manufacturing deftness in Alabama in 2022 . That summer , the plant also became the product web site for the auto manufacturer ’s fully electric EQS SUV . The Alabama facility is also assembling the EQE SUV and the Maybach EQS SUV , consort to a spokesperson from the troupe .
Mercedes is also working withSila , a next - gen shelling materials company , to incorporate Sila ’s battery chemical science into stamp battery as an choice for buyers of the approaching G - Class . Sila replaces the plumbago in a battery cell with silicon and is in the cognitive operation of scale up at its newWashington state facility . The companies are targeting mid - decade for a range - put out adaptation of the G - class .
Stellantis
Stellantis and Samsung SDI start building on their joint - speculation EV stamp battery facility in Indiana in March 2023 . The mill will produce both lithium - ion cells and modules .
The company announced in July 2023 it wouldbuild a 2nd barrage factorywith Samsung , which will open up in early 2027 . In October , Stellantis shared more point .
Stellantis , which includes brands Alfa Romeo , Chrysler , Jeep and Ram , also announce a joint venture with LG Energy Solution in 2021 , called NextStar Energy , to work up a North American manufacturing plant with an one-year capacity of 40 GWh . In March 2022 , the two companies announce a binding agreement to invest ( CAD $ 5 billion ) $ 3.7 billion to produce cellular telephone and module at a manufacturing flora inWindsor , Ontario , Canada .
Tesla
Since get production at Gigafactory Nevada in 2017 , Tesla has produced more than 7.3 billion barrage cubicle and 1.5 million electric battery packs , which provide about 39 GWh electrical capacity annually , according to Panasonic .
Tesla in January2023 announce plans to commit billions more into the Nevada manufactory to include a fresh 4680 cell factory with capacity to produce enough batteries for 1.5 million wanton - duty vehicle annually . The 4680 cells , which were designed by Tesla and discover at Battery Day 2020 , are meant to boil down electric battery cost by over 50 % . Tesla has been trying to get the cells to volume output over the last few years but has run into roadblock . A recent report fromThe Informationshows that Elon Musk may have to rely on out-of-door provider for battery soon if the 4680 squad does n’t make headroom .
At the start of 2023 , Tesla also laid out plans toexpand its exist Gigafactory Austinto include battery cell testing and the manufacturing of cathode and drive units , but has n’t share more details on those plans .
In May 2023,Tesla broke groundon a Texas lithium refinery , making it one of the only U.S. car maker to refine its own lithium . The automaker said it would spend $ 375 million on the Corpus Christi factory that will have a capacity of 50 GWh . Tesla included an update in itsQ4 2024 earnings reporton the refinery , articulate that it plans to get the plant online in 2025 before descale output .
Toyota
Toyota ’s plannedbattery plant in North Carolina , ab initio announced in 2021 , will produce both cells and module , accord to the company . In late October 2023 , Toyota announced that it wouldinvest billions moreinto the mill . When it comes online , it ’ll have 10 yield line to hold up both hybrid and EVs .
In February 2025,Toyota announcedthat its North Carolina flora is quick to begin yield and will start shipping battery for North American electrified vehicle in April .
Toyota has also enlisted the help of South Korean battery Almighty LG Energy Solution , which will exclusively build EV batteries for the Nipponese automaker out of its Michigan plant ( more on that below . )
The Japanese automaker is also building a battery lab at its North American inquiry and development headquarters in Michigan , where it can formulate and measure the quality of its EV bombardment . The $ 48 million lab is expected to start trading operations in 2025 , and it will support the company ’s fabrication at factory in North Carolina and Kentucky .
Volkswagen
In July 2022 , Volkswagen set up a freestanding barrage company , PowerCo SE , to build up barrage fire for its forthcoming eV . Since its launch , the company has decided on the positioning of three cell factories : Two in Europe ( Salzgitter , Germany , and Valencia , Spain ) and one in North America ( St. Thomas , Canada ) . PowerCo ask to get an yearly tax revenue of over 20 billion euros by 2030 .
While VW ’s bombardment factory is in Canada and not technically in the U.S. , it should still be eligible to encounter Inflation Reduction Act incentives .
Volvo
Volvo has abattery gathering factoryin Charleston , South Carolina , but the automaker does not make up batteries or battery element there . Volvo would not confirm any other plans it has for battery production in North America .
Battery manufacturers building in North America
AESC
AESC ( formerly Envision AESC ) is a Nipponese battery technology company that has promise to build three U.S. facilities before the end of the decade . The ship’s company ’s Tennessee works has been in operation for some sentence . AESC broke ground at its Kentucky and South Carolina plants in August 2022 and June 2023 , severally . InMarch 2024 , AESC sound out it would expand its South Carolina operations , bringing total investment in the project up to $ 3.12 billion . But in February 2025,AESC paused those expansion plansafter the state overstretch $ 100 million in bonds to support the projection . The company said its existing plant will have enough capacity to serve BMW .
Gotion
Gotion Inc. , which is headquartered in Silicon Valley and have by Chinese company Gotion High - Tech , first announced its intent to progress a barrage fire manufactory in Michiganin October 2022 . The factory , which ensure $ 175 million in state funds in April 2023 , aimed to build both cathode and anodes that could be used for both EVs and solar generators , harmonise to a voice from the troupe . However , Gotion has faced pushback from local . The township ’s board voted to reverse a previously approve plan to extend the city ’s pee supply to the location of the manufacturing plant . In March , Gotion file a lawsuitagainst the township , which is ongoing .
While the Michigan factory is intelligibly on wait , Gotion has another one in the body of work . In September 2023 , Gotion also announced architectural plan to specify up a 2d electric battery fabrication flora in Illinois . The company is on the receiving end of province incentive valued at $ 536 million and expects to welcome tax benefits totaling $ 213 million over 30 years , as long as Gotion invests a minimum of $ 1.9 billion and the institution of thousands of well - paid jobs .
Kore Power
shelling cellular telephone and module developerKore Power announced in March2024 that it had received approval to build a assault and battery fabrication factory in Buckeye , Arizona . But in February 2025,the company scrapped those program . Now , Kore ’s plan are to sell its construction - ready property in Buckeye and rather seek for an existing manufactory to retrofit into a battery plant .
Kore Power previously told TechCrunch that it would develop stamp battery for energy storage arrangement and einsteinium - mobility products , including railcar , trucks , buses , boats and trains . It intends to support OEMs by manufacturing 30D - compliant batteries , so Kore is working tight with domestic spouse to line up decisive materials suppliers onshore .
LG Energy Solution
South Korea’sLG Energy Solutionsupplies EV stamp battery to automakers like Tesla , Lucid Motors , Toyota and Proterra . The battery Godhead has joint venture to build battery factories with General Motors , Honda , Hyundai and Stellantis .
In early 2023 , LG allege it would quintuple the capacity of its existing lithium - ion cadre plant in Michigan , which was built in 2010 , as part of adeal with ToyotaLG ’s Holland manufacturing plant makes large polymer battery cells , or pouch type cells , and packs for EVs . The expand plant will get new long cellular telephone design barrage , which LG says should add more mountain range , better repositing , and a more simplified battalion bodily structure .
The battery maker also articulate it wouldquadruple its plan investmentin a new factory in Arizona to $ 5.5 billion , a large portion of which will be dedicate to EV shelling production . The complex will havetwo manufacturing facilities — one devote to cylindric stamp battery for EVs and another for lithium iron phosphate pouch - case batteries for vigor storage arrangement .
In August 2023,LG announce a construction spree in North America , with plans to spend up to $ 17 billion through 2025 on construct a total of eight factories ( two of which are already operational ) with more than 300 GWh capability . LG has not yet shared details on each plant life .
LG ’s parent company , LG Chem , separatelybroke groundon a Tennessee works that will make cathode stuff in December 2023 . LG design to invest $ 3.2 billion in that plant with the goal of create 60,000 tons of cathode material at peak production . GM has signed on as a client , pledge $ 19 billion .
Northvolt
Northvolt , a Swedish manufacturer of lithium - ion battery , announced in late September 2023 plans to open up its first gigafactory in North America . The fellowship had reportedly been evaluating between North America or Germany for its next gigafactory , and the former won out due to the inducement in the IRA . Northvolt ’s planned factory will be in Canada .
In November 2024,Northvolt filed for failure , but not beforeselling its U.S.-based manufacturing assetsto Lyten , a Silicon Valley - based battery startup .
The company said at the time that itsQuebec electric battery plant will proceeddespite its bankruptcy filing in the U.S.
The project is await to cost just over $ 7 billion , with Northvolt bringing in $ 3.2 billion and local and Union administration kick in around $ 4.2 billion . The enlargement is off the back of a$1.2 billion raise , support by BlackRock .
Northvolt told TechCrunch it has an “ offtake agreement with an keystone customer , ” meaning a buyer for its cells , but would n’t divulge the name of the company .
The manufacturing plant will also feature Revolt , Northvolt ’s battery recycling program , which will have a electrical capacity of 15 GWh . Northvolt told TechCrunch it hop to reprocess half of the bare-assed material needed for electric cell production by 2030 .
Our Next Energy
Battery startup Our Next Energy ( ONE ) announced plans in October 2022 to build a gigafactory in Michigan dedicate to lithium - iron - phosphate cells , AKA LFP batteries . The facility , which is supported by a $ 200 million grant from the commonwealth of Michigan , will include naked material cultivation , cathode materials production , and cellphone and electric battery fabrication .
To that closing , the company in February 2023raised a $ 300 million Series Bto aid get it to output .
Panasonic
Panasonic said in July 2022 that it plans to build the world’slargest EV battery industrial plant , a $ 4 billion manufacturing plant in Kansas that will fabricate and supplying Li - ion batteries to EV God Almighty . The facility in De Soto will be Panasonic ’s second EV battery industrial plant in the U.S. , after the Panasonic Energy of North America ( PENA ) facility in Sparks , Nevada , which operates inside Tesla ’s Nevada Gigafactory and supplies the EV Lord with battery .
Panasonic said in June 2023 that it plans to dilate production at PENA by 10 % within three years . Around the same prison term , the Japanese company said it would buildat least two fresh factoriesfor the output of Tesla 4680 barrage cell in North America by 2030 . However , in January 2024 , Panasonic ’s CEO Yuki Kusumi said thebattery business will focalize on boosting productivityover establish another battery factory .
SK Battery America
South Korean barrage maker SK On has created joint ventures to train batteries with Ford and Hyundai . The company ’s U.S. foot soldier , SK Battery America , has its own architectural plan .
SK Battery America has enthrone $ 2.6 billion into two fabrication plants in Jackson County , Georgia , and attain mass production in former 2022 .
